"The Genome Writers guild (GWG) and Rosalind Franklin Society have recognized Dr. Betül Kaçar of the University of Wisconsin-Madison as the 2022 Runner-Up for the Rosalind Franklin Medal for her groundbreaking use of experimental systems to study the coevolution of cellular life and the environment of Earth in both extinct and extant lifeforms. Kaçar’s research is advancing knowledge of ancient enzymes and metabolic pathways, and she has developed new experimental techniques to study ancestral genes involved in key processes used by life on Earth."
"Acodon tablecan be used to translate agenetic codeinto a sequence ofamino acids.[1][2]The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as anRNAcodon table, because whenproteinsare made in acellbyribosomes, it ismessenger RNA(mRNA) that directsprotein synthesis.[2][3]The mRNA sequence is determined by the sequence of genomicDNA.[4]In this context, the standard genetic code is referred to as translation table 1.[3]It can also be represented in a DNA codon table. The DNA codons in such tables occur on thesenseDNA strand and are arranged in a5′-to-3′ direction. Different tables with alternate codons are used depending on the source of the genetic code, such as from acell nucleus,mitochondrion,plastid, orhydrogenosome.[5]
There are 64 different codons in the genetic code and the below tables; most specify an amino acid.[6] Three sequences, UAG, UGA, and UAA, known as stop codons,[note 1] do not code for an amino acid but instead signal the release of the nascent polypeptide from the ribosome.[7] In the standard code, the sequence AUG—read as methionine—can serve as a start codon and, along with sequences such as an initiation factor, initiates translation.[3][8][9] In rare instances, start codons in the standard code may also include GUG or UUG; these codons normally represent valine and leucine, respectively, but as start codons they are translated as methionine or formylmethionine.[3][9]
The first table—the standard table—can be used to translatenucleotidetriplets into the corresponding amino acid or appropriate signal if it is a start or stop codon. The second table, appropriately called the inverse, does the opposite: it can be used to deduce a possible triplet code if the amino acid is known. As multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, theInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's (IUPAC)nucleic acid notationis given in some instances." Wikipedia
THE CHEMISTRY & THE BIOLOGY : TRANSITION : SINCE THE BEGINNING OF TIME
